Te whakapūmau i te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe

1. Te āheinga ki te whakapūmau

He ngoikore te āhuatanga whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, nā te mea he uaua ki te tango i te kiriata waikura i runga i te mata. He kaha te hononga o te konumohe ki te hāora. He ngāwari te hanga i tētahi kiriata waikura Al2O3 matotoru, pumau, me te teitei te ira rewa i runga i te mata. I taua wā anō, ka hangaia hoki e ngā koranu konumohe kei roto te konupora he kiriata waikura MgO tino pumau. Ka tino ārai i te makuku me te horapa o te tūhono. Ā, he uaua ki te tango. I te wā e whakakā ana, ka taea anake te mahi i te tukanga whakakā me te rere tika.

Tuarua, he uaua te whakahaere i te whakakā konumohe me te koranu konumohe. Kāore i te tino rerekē te pae rewa o te konumohe me te koranu konumohe i tērā o te konganuku whakakī whakakā. He tino whaiti te awhe pāmahana whiriwhiri mō te whakakā. Mā te iti o te whakahaere pāmahana hē ka ngāwari te wera nui, te rewa rānei o te konganuku turanga, ka uaua ai te tukanga whakakā. Ko ētahi koranu konumohe kua whakapakaritia e te maimoatanga wera ka puta hoki ngā āhuatanga whakangawari pērā i te koroheketanga nui, te whakamahana rānei nā te whakamahana whakakā, ka whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga o ngā hononga whakakā. I te wā e whakakā mura ana, he uaua ki te aromatawai i te pāmahana nā te mea kāore te tae o te koranu konumohe e rerekē i te wā whakamahana, ka piki ake hoki ngā whakaritenga mō te taumata mahi a te kaiwhakahaere.

Heoi anō, ka pāngia ngāwaritia te ātete waikura o ngā hononga whakarewa konumohe me te koranu konumohe e ngā konganuku whakakī me ngā rerenga. He rerekē rawa te pūmanawa hiko o te konumohe me te koranu konumohe i tērā o te tūhono, ka whakaitihia te ātete waikura o te hononga, inā koa mō te hononga tūhono ngohengohe. Hei tāpiri, he kaha te waikura o te nuinga o ngā rerenga e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakawera o te konumohe me te koranu konumohe. Ahakoa ka horoia i muri i te whakawera, kāore e tino whakakorehia te awe o ngā rerenga ki te ātete waikura o ngā hononga.

2. Rauemi whakakoi

(1) He tikanga onge te whakakoi i te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, nā te mea he rerekē te hanganga me te pūmanawa hiko o te whakakoi i te konganuku whakakī me te konganuku turanga, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakakino i te hononga hiko. Ko te whakakoi ngohengohe te nuinga o te wā e whakamahi ana i te whakakoi konutea me te whakakoi mata tine, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakakoi pāmahana iti (150 ~ 260 ℃), te whakakoi pāmahana waenga (260 ~ 370 ℃) me te whakakoi pāmahana teitei (370 ~ 430 ℃) e ai ki te awhe pāmahana. Ina whakamahia te whakakoi mata tine, ā, ka pania te parahi, te nikara rānei ki te mata konumohe mō te whakakoi, ka taea te ārai i te waikura i te atanga hononga, kia pai ake ai te ātete waikura o te hononga.

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, pērā i te arataki tātari, te whakapūmahana, te whakamahana me ētahi atu wāhanga. Ko ngā konganuku whakakī konumohe anake ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, ā, ko ngā konganuku whakakī silicon konumohe te mea tino whānuitia. Ko te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga me te kaha kutikuti o ngā hononga whakakā e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 8 me te Ripanga 9. Heoi, he tata te ira rewa o tēnei tūhono ki te ira o te konganuku turanga, nō reira me tino whakahaere te pāmahana whakamahana i te wā whakakā kia kore ai e wera rawa, e rewa rānei te konganuku turanga.

Ripanga 8 whānuitanga tono o ngā konganuku whakakī whakawera mō te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe

Ripanga 9 te kaha kutikuti o ngā hononga konumohe me te koranu konumohe i whakarewaina ki ngā konganuku whakakī konumohe silicon

Ko te tūhono konumohe silicon he mea tuku noa i te paura, i te whakapiri, i te waea, i te pepa rānei. I ētahi wā, ka whakamahia ngā pereti honohono me te konumohe hei matua, me te tūhono konumohe silicon hei whakakikorua. Ka hangaia tēnei momo pereti honohono mā te tikanga waipēhi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei wāhanga o ngā wāhanga whakakanapa. I te wā e whakakanapa ana, ka rewa te konganuku whakakī whakakanapa i runga i te pereti honohono, ka rere i raro i te mahi a te kapia me te kaha ā-papa hei whakakī i te āputa hononga.

(2) Ko te hau rere me te hau ārai mō te whakakā konumohe me te koranu konumohe, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te rere motuhake hei tango i te kiriata. Ko te rere waro i ahu mai i te triethanolamine, pērā i te fs204, ka whakamahia me te tūhono ngohengohe pāmahana-iti. Ko te painga o tēnei rere he iti noa te pānga waikura ki te konganuku turanga, engari ka puta he nui te hau, ka pā ki te mākū me te whakapiri o te tūhono. Ko te rere tauhohe i ahu mai i te konutea konutea, pērā i te fs203 me te fs220a, ka whakamahia me te tūhono ngohengohe pāmahana-waenga me te pāmahana-teitei. He tino waikura te rere tauhohe, ā, me tango atu ōna toenga i muri i te whakakā.

I tēnei wā, ko te tango kiriata rere te mea nui tonu mō te whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe. Kei roto i ngā rere whakakā e whakamahia ana ko te rere i runga i te hauota me te rere i runga i te pūhaumāota. He kaha te kaha o te rere i runga i te pūhaumāota ki te tango i te kiriata waikura me te rere pai, engari he nui te pānga waikura ki te konganuku turanga. Me tango katoa ngā toenga i muri i te whakakā. He momo rere hou te rere i runga i te pūhaumāota, he pai te pānga tango kiriata, ā, kāore he waikura ki te konganuku turanga. Heoi, he teitei te ira rewa, he ngoikore te pumau o te wera, ā, ka taea anake te whakamahi me te whakapiri konumohe silicon.

I te wā e whakakoi ana i te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te hau korehau, te hau kūpapa, te hau korehau rānei. Ina whakamahia te whakakoi korehau, me eke te taumata korehau ki te 10-3 pa. Ina whakamahia te hauota, te hau argon rānei hei tiaki, me tino teitei tōna parakore, ā, me iti iho te tohu tomairangi i te -40 ℃.

3. Hangarau whakapūmau

He nui ngā whakaritenga mō te horoi i te mata o te mea mahi i te whakakoi i te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe. Hei whiwhi i te kounga pai, me tango te paru hinu me te kiriata waikura i runga i te mata i mua i te whakakoi. Tangohia te paru hinu i runga i te mata ki te wairewa Na2CO3 i te pāmahana o te 60 ~ 70 ℃ mō te 5 ~ 10 meneti, kātahi ka horoia ki te wai ma; ka taea te tango i te kiriata waikura o te mata mā te keri ki te wairewa NaOH i te pāmahana o te 20 ~ 40 ℃ mō te 2 ~ 4 meneti, kātahi ka horoia ki te wai wera; i muri i te tango i te paru hinu me te kiriata waikura i runga i te mata, me rongoa te mea mahi ki te wairewa HNO3 kia kanapa mō te 2 ~ 5 meneti, kātahi ka horoia ki te wai rere, ā, ka whakamarokehia. Kaua te mea mahi e rongoatia ana e ēnei tikanga e pāngia, e poke rānei i ētahi atu paru, ā, me whakakoi i roto i te 6 ~ 8 hāora. He pai ake te whakakoi tonu mēnā ka taea.

Ko ngā tikanga whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe ko te whakakā mura, te whakakā rino whakapiri me te whakakā oumu. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ēnei tikanga te rere i roto i te whakakā, ā, he tino whakaritenga mō te pāmahana whakamahana me te wā pupuri. I te wā e whakakā mura ana me te whakakā rino whakapiri, kaua e whakamahana tika i te rere mā te pūtake wera kia kore ai e wera rawa te rere, e pakaru rānei. Nā te mea ka taea te whakarewa i te konumohe i roto i te whakapiri ngohengohe he nui te konutea, me mutu te whakamahana ina oti te hononga te hanga kia kore ai e waikura te konganuku turanga. I ētahi wā, ko te whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe kāore e whakamahi i te rere, engari ka whakamahia ngā tikanga ultrasonic, ngā tikanga waru rānei hei tango i te kiriata. Ina whakamahia te waru hei tango i te kiriata hei whakakā, whakamahanahia te wāhanga mahi ki te pāmahana whakakā, kātahi ka waruhia te wāhanga whakakā o te wāhanga mahi ki te pito o te tokotoko whakapiri (te taputapu waru rānei). I a ia e pakaru ana te kiriata waikura o te mata, ka rewa te pito o te whakapiri ka mākū te konganuku turanga.

Ko ngā tikanga whakakā o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe ko te whakakā mura, te whakakā oumu, te whakakā tō, te whakakā korehau me te whakakā hau. Ko te whakakā mura e whakamahia ana mō ngā wahi mahi iti me te hanga wahi kotahi. Hei karo i te korenga o te rere nā te pā o ngā poke o te acetylene me te rere i te wā e whakamahi ana i te mura oxyacetylene, he tika te whakamahi i te mura hau pēneti me te whakaiti iti hei ārai i te waikura o te konganuku turanga. I te wā e whakakā motuhake ana, ka taea te whakanoho i te rere whakakā me te konganuku whakakī ki te wāhi whakakā i mua, ka whakamahanahia i te wā kotahi me te wahi mahi; ka taea hoki te whakamahana i te wahi mahi ki te pāmahana whakakā tuatahi, kātahi ka taea te tuku i te tūhono kua toua ki te rere ki te tūranga whakakā; i muri i te rewa o te rere me te konganuku whakakī, me tango mārire te mura whakamahana i muri i te whakakī ōrite o te konganuku whakakī.

I te wā e whakawera ana i te konumohe me te koranu konumohe i roto i te oumu hau, me whakarite te whakarewa whakakī whakawera, ā, me rewa te rere whakawera ki te wai whakapūkara hei whakarite i tētahi wairewa matotoru me te kukū o te 50% ~ 75%, kātahi ka pania, ka rehuhia rānei ki runga i te mata whakawera. Ka taea hoki te pania he nui o te rere whakawera paura ki runga i te whakarewa whakakī whakawera me te mata whakawera, kātahi ka whakanohoia te mea whakarewa kua huihui ki roto i te oumu hei whakamahana i te whakawera. Hei ārai i te wera nui, i te rewa rānei o te whakarewa turanga, me tino whakahaere te pāmahana whakamahana.

Ko te whakapiri, ko te whakapiri pepa rānei, he mea whakamahi whānuitia mō te whakakoi i te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe. Me whakamahana te mea mahi kua huihuia i mua i te whakakoi kia tata te pāmahana ki te pāmahana whakakoi, kātahi ka rumakina ki te rere whakakoi hei whakakoi. I te wā e whakakoi ana, me tino whakahaere te pāmahana whakakoi me te wā whakakoi. Ki te teitei rawa te pāmahana, ka ngāwari te memeha o te konganuku turanga, ā, ka ngāwari te ngaro o te whakapiri; ki te iti rawa te pāmahana, kāore e ranea te whakarewa o te whakapiri, ā, ka heke te tere o te whakakoi. Me whakatau te pāmahana whakakoi i runga i te momo me te rahi o te konganuku turanga, te hanganga me te ira rewa o te konganuku whakakī, ā, ko te tikanga kei waenganui i te pāmahana wai o te konganuku whakakī me te pāmahana totoka o te konganuku turanga. Me whakarite te wā tuku o te mea mahi i roto i te kaukau rere kia taea ai e te whakapiri te rewa me te rere, ā, kaua e roa rawa te wā tautoko. Ki te kore, ka horapa te huānga silicon i roto i te whakapiri ki roto i te konganuku turanga, ka pakarukaru te konganuku turanga tata ki te hononga.

I roto i te whakakoi korehau o te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kaiwhakaoho whakarewa hei whakarerekē i te kiriata waikura o te mata o te konumohe, hei whakarite i te makuku me te horapa o te whakarewa. Ka taea te whakamahi tika i te konupūmā ki runga i te mea mahi hei matūriki, hei whakauru rānei ki te rohe whakarewa hei mamaoa, ka taea rānei te tāpiri i te konupūmā ki te whakarewa konumohe silicon hei huānga whakarewa. Mō te mea mahi he hanganga uaua, kia pai ai te pānga katoa o te kohu konupūmā ki te konganuku turanga me te whakapai ake i te kounga whakarewa, he maha ngā wā ka mahia ngā mahi tiaki ā-rohe, arā, ka whakanohoia tuatahitia te mea mahi ki roto i te pouaka kowiri tira (e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te pouaka tukanga), kātahi ka whakanohoia ki roto i te oumu korehau hei whakamahana i te whakarewa. Whakakoi Korehau He maeneene te mata o ngā hononga konumohe me te koranu konumohe, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia horoia i muri i te whakarewa; Heoi, he utu nui ngā taputapu whakarewa korehau, ā, he nui te poke o te kohu konupūmā i te oumu, nō reira me horoi me te tiaki pinepine.

Ina whakakanapahia te konumohe me ngā koranu konumohe i roto i te āhuarangi koretake, koretake rānei, ka taea te whakamahi i te kaiwhakaoho konupora, te rerenga rānei hei tango i te kiriata. Ina whakamahia te kaiwhakaoho konupora hei tango i te kiriata, he iti ake te nui o te konupora e hiahiatia ana i tērā o te whakakanapa korehau. Ko te tikanga, ko te w (mg) he tata ki te 0.2% ~ 0.5%. Ina teitei te ihirangi o te konupora, ka heke te kounga o te hononga. Ko te tikanga whakakanapa NOCOLOK e whakamahi ana i te rerenga fluoride me te tiaki hauota he tikanga hou kua tere te whanake i ngā tau tata nei. Nā te mea kāore te toenga o te rerenga fluoride e mimiti i te makuku, ā, kāore e waikura ki te konumohe, ka taea te waiho i te tukanga tango i te toenga rerenga i muri i te whakakanapa. I raro i te tiakitanga o te hauota, he iti noa te rerenga fluoride me pania, ka taea e te konganuku whakakī te whakamakuku pai i te konganuku turanga, ā, he ngāwari ki te whiwhi hononga whakakanapa kounga teitei. I tēnei wā, kua whakamahia tēnei tikanga whakakanapa NOCOLOK i roto i te hanga papatipu o te radiator konumohe me ētahi atu wāhanga.

Mō te konumohe me te koranu konumohe i whakawerahia ki te hau rerekē i te hau fluoride, me tango katoa te toenga hau i muri i te whakawera. Ka taea te horoi i te toenga o te hau whakawera waro mō te konumohe ki ngā otinga waro pērā i te methanol me te trichloroethylene, ka whakakorengia ki te wai konutai hauwai, ā, ka mutu ka horoia ki te wai wera me te wai matao. Ko te chloride te toenga o te hau whakawera mō te konumohe, ka taea te tango i ēnei tikanga e whai ake nei; Tuatahi, rumakina ki te wai wera i te 60 ~ 80 ℃ mō te 10 meneti, āta horoia te toenga i runga i te hononga whakawera ki te paraihe, ka horoia ki te wai matao; Kātahi ka rumakina ki te wai waikawa hauota 15% mō te 30 meneti, ā, whakamutunga ka horoia ki te wai matao.