Te whakamāramatanga me te kaupapa o te tinei
Ka whakamahanahia te maitai ki te pāmahana kei runga ake i te pūwāhi whakahirahira Ac3 (te maitai hypoeutectoid) Ac1 rānei (te maitai hypereutectoid), ka puritia mō tētahi wā kia tino austenitized, kia wāhanga rānei, kātahi ka whakamataohia i te tere nui atu i te tere tinei whakahirahira. Ko te tukanga maimoatanga wera e huri ana i te austenite superfrosted ki te martensite, ki te bainite iti iho rānei, ka kiia ko te tinei.
Ko te kaupapa o te tineitanga he huri i te austenite kua tino makariri ki te martensite, ki te bainite rānei, kia whiwhi ai i te hanganga martensite, bainite iti iho rānei, kātahi ka whakakotahihia me te whakamahana i ngā pāmahana rerekē hei whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakeke, me te ātete o te maitai. Ko te ngāwari ki te mau, te kaha me te pakari o te ngenge, me ētahi atu, hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga rerekē o ngā wāhanga me ngā taputapu miihini. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te tineitanga hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū motuhake o ētahi maitai motuhake pēnei i te ferromagnetism me te ātete ki te waikura.
Ina whakamataohia ngā wāhanga maitai i roto i te reo tinei me te rerekētanga o te āhua ā-tinana, ka wehea te tukanga whakamatao kia toru ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei: te wāhanga kiriata mamaoa, te wāhanga kohua, me te wāhanga kawe hiko.
Te pakeketanga o te maitai
Ko te pakari me te pakari he tohu mahi e rua e tohu ana i te kaha o te maitai ki te tinei. He mea nui hoki ēnei mō te whiriwhiri me te whakamahi rauemi.
1. Ngā ariā o te whakapakeketanga me te whakapakeketanga
Ko te pakari te kaha o te maitai ki te whakatutuki i te pakari teitei rawa atu ina tineihia, ā, ka whakapakeketia i raro i ngā āhuatanga pai. Ko te mea matua e whakatau ana i te pakari o te maitai ko te nui o te waro o te maitai. Kia tika ake, ko te nui o te waro i rewa i roto i te austenite i te wā e tineihia ana, e whakamahanahia ana hoki. Ko te teitei ake o te nui o te waro, ko te teitei ake o te pakari o te maitai. . He iti noa te pānga o ngā huānga whakarewa i roto i te maitai ki te pakari, engari he nui te pānga ki te pakari o te maitai.
Ko te āheitanga whakapakeke e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga e whakatau ana i te hohonutanga whakapakeke me te tohatohatanga pakeketanga o te maitai i raro i ngā tikanga kua tohua. Arā, ko te kaha ki te whiwhi i te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakapakeketanga ina tineihia te maitai. He āhuatanga tūturu tēnei o te maitai. Ko te āheitanga whakapakeketanga e whakaata ana i te ngāwari o te hurihanga o te austenite hei martensite ina tineihia te maitai. Ko te nuinga o te mea e pā ana ki te pumau o te austenite kua tino makariri o te maitai, ki te tere whakamatao tineitanga matua rānei o te maitai.
Me mārama anō hoki me wehewehe te pakari o te maitai i te hohonutanga pakari whai hua o ngā wāhanga maitai i raro i ngā tikanga tinei motuhake. Ko te pakari o te maitai he āhuatanga tūturu o te maitai tonu. Ka whakawhirinaki noa ki ōna ake āhuatanga o roto, kāore he pānga ki ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ko te hohonutanga pakari whai hua o te maitai ehara i te mea ka whakawhirinaki ki te pakari o te maitai anake, engari ka whakawhirinaki anō hoki ki te rauemi e whakamahia ana. E pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i te reo whakamatao me te rahi o te wahi mahi. Hei tauira, i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātao kotahi, he rite tonu te pakari o te maitai kotahi, engari he nui ake te hohonutanga pakari whai hua o te tinei wai i te tinei hinu, ā, he iti ake ngā wāhanga iti i te tinei hinu. He nui te hohonutanga pakari whai hua o ngā wāhanga nui. Kāore e taea te kī he nui ake te pakari o te tinei wai i te tinei hinu. Kāore e taea te kī he nui ake te pakari o ngā wāhanga iti i ngā wāhanga nui. Ka kitea hei aromatawai i te pakari o te maitai, me whakakore te awe o ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i te āhua o te wahi mahi, te rahi, te reo whakamatao, me ētahi atu.
Hei tāpiritanga, nā te mea he rerekē ngā ariā e rua mō te whakapakeketanga me te whakapakeketanga, kāore e tika ana kia whakapakeketia te maitai he pakeke rawa i muri i te tineitanga; ā, tera pea he pakeke rawa te maitai he iti te pakeke.
2. Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakapakeketanga
Ko te pakari o te maitai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pumau o te austenite. Ko tetahi āhuatanga ka taea te whakapai ake i te pumau o te austenite kua tino makariri, te neke i te pihi C ki te taha matau, ā, mā reira ka whakaiti i te tere whakamatao nui ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakari o te maitai teitei. Ko te pumau o te austenite e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna hanganga matū, te rahi o te kōhao me te ōrite o te hanganga, e pā ana ki te hanganga matū o te maitai me ngā āhuatanga whakamahana.
3. Tikanga ine mō te whakapakeketanga
He maha ngā tikanga hei ine i te pakeketanga o te maitai, ko ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tikanga ine i te diameter tino nui me te tikanga whakamātautau whakapakeketanga-mutunga.
(1) Tikanga ine diameter whakahirahira
I muri i te tineia o te maitai i roto i tētahi momo rauemi, ko te diameter mōrahi ina whiwhi te matua i te martensite katoa, i te 50% rānei o te hanganga martensite, ka kiia ko te diameter whakahirahira, e tohuhia ana e te Dc. Ko te tikanga ine diameter whakahirahira ko te hanga i tētahi raupapa o ngā tokotoko porowhita me ngā diameter rerekē, ā, i muri i te tineia, ka inehia te pihi pakeke U e tohatohahia ana i te diameter i runga i ia wāhanga tauira, ka kimihia te tokotoko me te hanganga haurua-martensite i waenganui. Ko te diameter o te tokotoko porowhita koinei te diameter whakahirahira. Ko te nui ake o te diameter whakahirahira, ko te teitei ake o te pakeketanga o te maitai.
(2) Tikanga whakamātautau whakamātau mutunga
Ko te tikanga whakamātautau whakamātau mutunga-whakamātautau e whakamahi ana i tētahi tauira whakamātau mutunga-whakamātautau rahi paerewa (Ф25mm×100mm). Whai muri i te whakamātao, ka rehuhia he wai ki tētahi pito o te tauira ki runga i ngā taputapu motuhake hei whakamatao. Whai muri i te whakamatao, ka inehia te pakeketanga i te ahunga tuaka – mai i te pito kua whakamātaohia e te wai. Tikanga whakamātautau mō te pihi whanaungatanga tawhiti. Ko te tikanga whakamātautau whakamātau mutunga-whakamātautau tētahi o ngā tikanga hei whakatau i te pakari o te maitai. Ko ōna painga he ngāwari te whakahaere me te whānuitanga o te tono.
4. Te whakamāmā i te ahotea, te whakarerekētanga me te pakaru
(1) Te ahotea o roto o te mea mahi i te wā e tinei ana
Ina tere te whakamatao o te mea mahi i roto i te reo tinei, nā te mea he rahi motuhake te mea mahi, ā, he uara motuhake hoki te tauwehenga kawe wera, ka puta he pikinga pāmahana i te taha o roto o te mea mahi i te wā e whakamatao ana. He iti te pāmahana o te mata, he teitei te pāmahana o te matua, ā, he teitei te pāmahana o te mata me te matua. He rerekētanga pāmahana. I te wā e whakamatao ana te mea mahi, e rua ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana: ko tētahi ko te whānui wera, i te hekenga o te pāmahana, ka whakaitihia te roa o te rārangi o te mea mahi; ko tētahi ko te huringa o te austenite ki te martensite ina heke te pāmahana ki te pūwāhi huringa martensite. , ka whakanui ake i te rōrahi motuhake. Nā te rerekētanga pāmahana i te wā e whakamatao ana, ka rerekē te nui o te whānui wera i ngā wāhanga rerekē i te taha o te wāhanga whakawhiti o te mea mahi, ā, ka puta he ahotea o roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mea mahi. Nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana i roto i te mea mahi, tera pea ētahi wāhanga ka tere ake te heke o te pāmahana i te pūwāhi e puta ai te martensite. Ka huri te rahinga, ka whānui te rōrahi, ā, ko ngā wāhanga he teitei te pāmahana kei te teitei tonu i te pūwāhi, ā, kei te āhua austenite tonu. Ka puta hoki te ahotea ā-roto i ēnei wāhanga rerekē nā te rerekētanga o ngā huringa rōrahi motuhake. Nō reira, e rua ngā momo ahotea ā-roto ka puta i te wā o te tukanga tinei me te whakamatao: ko tētahi he ahotea wera; ko tētahi he ahotea kiko.
E ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te ahotea ā-roto i te wā e ora ai, ka taea hoki te wehewehe ki te ahotea inamata me te ahotea toenga. Ko te ahotea ā-roto i puta mai i te mea mahi i tētahi wā motuhake i te wā o te tukanga whakamatao ka kiia ko te ahotea inamata; i muri i te whakamataotanga o te mea mahi, ko te ahotea e toe ana i roto i te mea mahi ka kiia ko te ahotea toenga.
Ko te ahotea wera e pā ana ki te ahotea i puta mai i te whānui wera koretake (te whakaheke makariri rānei) nā ngā rerekētanga pāmahana i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mea mahi ina werahia (whakamataohia rānei).
Hei tauira, tangohia he rango totoka hei whakaatu i ngā ture hanganga me ngā ture whakarerekētanga o te ahotea ā-roto i te wā e whakamatao ana. Ko te ahotea tuaka anake ka kōrerohia i konei. I te tīmatanga o te whakamatao, nā te mea ka tere te whakamatao o te mata, ka iti te pāmahana, ka tino mimiti, i te mea ka whakamataohia te matua, ka teitei te pāmahana, ā, he iti te mimiti. Nō reira, ka herea te mata me te roto, ka puta he ahotea kume i runga i te mata, i te mea kei raro i te pēhanga te matua. ahotea. I te haere tonu o te whakamatao, ka piki ake te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i te roto me te waho, ā, ka piki ake hoki te ahotea ā-roto. Ina piki ake te ahotea ki tua atu i te kaha tuku i tēnei pāmahana, ka puta te whakarerekētanga kirihou. Nā te mea he teitei ake te matotoru o te ngākau i tō te mata, ka kōpiri tonu te ngākau ki te tuaka i te tuatahi. Nā te whakarerekētanga kirihou, kāore e piki ake te ahotea ā-roto. I muri i te whakamatao ki tētahi wā, ka āta puhoi te hekenga o te pāmahana mata, ā, ka āta heke hoki tōna mimiti. I tēnei wā, kei te mimiti tonu te matua, nō reira ka āta heke te ahotea kume i runga i te mata me te ahotea pēhi i runga i te matua kia ngaro rā anō. Heoi, i te haere tonu o te whakamatao, ka iti haere te haumākū o te mata, ka iti haere te nui o te mimiti, ka mutu rānei te mimiti. Nā te mea kei te teitei tonu te pāmahana o te uho, ka piki haere tonu, ā, ka puta he ahotea pēhi ki te mata o te mea mahi, ko te uho ia ka pāngia e te ahotea kume. Heoi, nā te mea he iti te pāmahana, he uaua te puta o te whakarerekētanga kirihou, nō reira ka piki haere tēnei ahotea i te haere tonu o te whakamatao. Ka piki haere tonu, ā, ka noho tonu ki roto i te mea mahi hei ahotea toenga.
Ka kitea ko te ahotea wera i te wā o te tukanga whakamatao ka tīmata te totoro o te paparanga mata me te pēhi o te uho, ā, ko te ahotea toenga ko te paparanga mata ka pēhihia, ka totoro hoki te uho.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te ahotea wera e puta ana i te wā whakamatao tinei ka puta mai i te rerekētanga pāmahana whakawhiti-wāhanga i te wā o te tukanga whakamatao. Ko te nui ake o te tere whakamatao me te nui ake o te rerekētanga pāmahana whakawhiti-wāhanga, ko te nui ake o te ahotea wera e puta ana. I raro i ngā āhuatanga reo whakamatao ōrite, ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana whakamahana o te mea mahi, ko te nui ake o te rahi, ko te iti ake o te kawe wera o te maitai, ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga pāmahana i roto i te mea mahi, ā, ko te nui ake o te ahotea wera. Mēnā ka whakamataohia te mea mahi i te pāmahana teitei, ka piko, ka whanoke. Mēnā he nui ake te ahotea kume tere e puta ana i te wā o te tukanga whakamatao o te mea mahi i te kaha kume o te rauemi, ka puta he kapiti tinei.
Ko te ahotea whakawhiti āhua e pā ana ki te ahotea i puta mai i ngā wā rerekē o te whakawhiti āhua i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mea mahi i te wā o te tukanga maimoatanga wera, e mōhiotia ana ko te ahotea kiko.
I te wā e tinei ana, e whakamatao ana hoki, ina whakamataohia te paparanga mata ki te pūwāhi Ms, ka puta te panonitanga martensitic, ā, ka puta te whānui o te rōrahi. Heoi, nā te aukati i te matua kāore anō kia puta te panonitanga, ka puta te ahotea pēhi i te paparanga mata, engari he ahotea kume kei te matua. Ina nui te ahotea, ka puta he whakarerekētanga. Ina whakamataohia te matua ki te pūwāhi Ms, ka puta hoki te panonitanga martensitic, ā, ka whānui te rōrahi. Heoi, nā ngā here o te paparanga mata kua hurihia me te iti o te kirihou me te kaha teitei, ko tōna ahotea toenga whakamutunga ka noho hei taumahatanga mata, ā, ka noho te matua i raro i te pēhanga. Ka kitea ko te panonitanga me te āhua whakamutunga o te ahotea panonitanga āhua he tino rerekē ki te ahotea wera. Heoi anō, nā te mea ka puta te ahotea panonitanga āhua i ngā pāmahana iti me te iti o te kirihou, he uaua te panonitanga i tēnei wā, nō reira he nui ake te tūponotanga o te pakaru o te mea mahi e te ahotea panonitanga āhua.
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te rahi o te ahotea whakawhiti āhua. Ko te tere o te tere whakamatao o te maitai i roto i te awhe pāmahana whakawhiti martensite, ko te nui ake o te rahi o te wahi maitai, ko te kino ake o te kawe wera o te maitai, ko te nui ake o te rōrahi motuhake o te martensite, ko te nui ake o te ahotea whakawhiti āhua. Ko te nui haere. Hei tāpiri, ko te ahotea whakawhiti āhua e pā ana ki te hanganga o te maitai me te pakeketanga o te maitai. Hei tauira, ko te maitai waro-teitei he koranu teitei ka whakanui ake i te rōrahi motuhake o te martensite nā te nui o te ihirangi waro, ka piki ake te ahotea whakawhiti āhua o te maitai. Heoi, i te pikinga o te ihirangi waro, ka heke te pūwāhi Ms, ā, he nui te austenite e puritia ana i muri i te tinei. Ka heke tōna whānui rōrahi, ā, he iti te ahotea toenga.
(2) Te whakapōturitanga o te mea mahi i te wā e tinei ana
I te wā e tinei ana, e rua ngā momo matua o te whakarerekētanga o te mea mahi: ko tētahi ko te huringa o te āhua ā-ira o te mea mahi, e whakaatuhia ana hei huringa o te rahi me te āhua, e kiia ana ko te whakarerekētanga piko, e puta mai ana i te ahotea tinei; ko tētahi ko te whakarerekētanga rōrahi. , e whakaatuhia ana hei whānui, hei whakaheke rānei i te rōrahi o te mea mahi, e puta mai ana i te huringa o te rōrahi motuhake i te wā e huri ana te āhua.
Kei roto hoki i te whakarerekētanga piko te whakarerekētanga āhua me te whakarerekētanga takahuri. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakarerekētanga takahuri nā te whakatakotoranga hē o te mea mahi i roto i te oumu i te wā whakamahana, te kore rānei o te maimoatanga āhua i muri i te whakatikatika whakarerekētanga i mua i te tinei, te whakamatao koretake rānei o ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mea mahi i te wā e whakamataohia ana te mea mahi. Ka taea te tātari me te whakaoti i tēnei whakarerekētanga mō ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Ko te kaupapa matua e whai ake nei ko te whakarerekētanga rōrahi me te whakarerekētanga āhua.
1) Ngā take o te whakarerekētanga o te tinei me ōna ture e huri haere ana
Te rerekētanga o te rōrahi nā te panonitanga hanganga Ko te āhua hanganga o te mea mahi i mua i te tineitanga he pearlite te nuinga, arā, he hanganga whakauru o te ferrite me te cementite, ā, i muri i te tineitanga he hanganga martensitic. Ko ngā rōrahi motuhake rerekē o ēnei kiko ka puta he panonitanga rōrahi i mua me muri i te tineitanga, ka hua ake he panonitanga. Heoi, ko tēnei panonitanga ka puta noa te whānui me te whakawhāiti o te mea mahi i runga i te ōwehenga, nō reira kāore e rerekē te āhua o te mea mahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te nui ake o te martensite i roto i te hanganga i muri i te whakamahana, ko te nui ake rānei o te ihirangi waro i roto i te martensite, ko te nui ake o tōna whānui, ā, ko te nui ake o te austenite e puritia ana, ko te iti iho o te whānui. Nō reira, ka taea te whakahaere i te huringa o te rōrahi mā te whakahaere i te ihirangi whanaunga o te martensite me te martensite toenga i te wā o te whakamahana. Ki te whakahaere tika, e kore te rōrahi e whānui, e whakaiti rānei.
Te whakarerekētanga āhua i puta mai i te ahotea wera Ka puta te whakarerekētanga i puta mai i te ahotea wera i ngā wāhi pāmahana teitei, he iti te kaha tuku o ngā wāhanga maitai, he teitei te kirihou, he tere te whakamatao o te mata, ā, ko te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i te roto me te waho o te mea mahi te mea nui rawa atu. I tēnei wā, ko te ahotea wera inamata ko te ahotea kume mata me te ahotea pēhi matua. Nā te mea he teitei te pāmahana matua i tēnei wā, he iti rawa te kaha tuku i te mata, nō reira ka puta hei whakarerekētanga i raro i te mahi a te ahotea pēhi maha-aronga, arā, he porowhita te ahunga o te poraka. He rerekētanga. Ko te mutunga mai ko te mea nui ka whakaiti, ko te mea iti ka whānui. Hei tauira, ka whakapoto te rango roa i te ahunga roa ka whānui i te ahunga whānui.
Te whakarerekētanga āhua i puta mai i te ahotea kiko Ka puta anō hoki te whakarerekētanga i puta mai i te ahotea kiko i te wā tōmua e tino teitei ana te ahotea kiko. I tēnei wā, he nui te rerekētanga pāmahana whakawhiti-wāhanga, he teitei ake te pāmahana matua, kei roto tonu i te āhua austenite, he pai te kirihou, ā, he iti te kaha hua. Ko te ahotea kiko inamata ko te ahotea pēhi mata me te ahotea kume matua. Nō reira, ka whakaatuhia te whakarerekētanga hei te roa o te matua i raro i te mahi a te ahotea kume maha-aronga. Ko te mutunga iho, i raro i te mahi a te ahotea kiko, ka roa te taha nui o te mea mahi, ko te taha iti ka poto. Hei tauira, ko te whakarerekētanga i puta mai i te ahotea kiko i roto i te rango roa ko te roa me te whakaiti i te diameter.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 5.3 i ngā ture whakarerekētanga tinei o ngā wāhanga maitai noa.
2) Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakarerekētanga o te tinei
Ko ngā mea e pā ana ki te whakarerekētanga o te tinei ko te hanganga matū o te maitai, te hanganga taketake, te āhua o ngā wāhanga me te tukanga maimoatanga wera.
3) Te tinei i ngā kapiti
Ko ngā pakaru o ngā wāhanga ka puta i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te tinei me te whakamatao, arā, i muri i te otinga o te whakawhiti martensitic, i muri rānei i te whakamatao katoa, ka puta te pakarukaru nā te mea he nui ake te ahotea kume i ngā wāhanga i te kaha pakaru o te maitai. Ko ngā pakaru he poutū tonu ki te ahunga o te whakarerekētanga kume mōrahi, nō reira ko ngā momo pakaru rerekē i ngā wāhanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua tohatoha ahotea.
Ngā momo kapiti tinei noa: Ko ngā kapiti roa (tuaka) ka puta ake i te wā e nui ake ai te ahotea kume tāwhiti i te kaha pakaru o te rauemi; ka puta ngā kapiti whakawhiti i te wā e nui ake ai te ahotea kume tuaka nui i hangaia ki te mata o roto o te wāhanga i te kaha pakaru o te rauemi. Ngā kapiti; ka puta ngā kapiti whatunga i raro i te mahi a te ahotea kume rua-ahu i runga i te mata; ka puta ngā kapiti tihore i roto i tētahi paparanga angiangi kua whakapakeketia, ka puta pea i te wā e huri tere ana te ahotea, ā, ka mahi te ahotea kume nui ki te ahunga radial. He momo kapiti.
Ka kiia hoki ngā kapiti roa ko ngā kapiti tuaka. Ka puta ngā kapiti i te ahotea kume mōrahi tata ki te mata o te wāhanga, ā, he hohonu te hohonu ki waenganui. Ko te ahunga o ngā kapiti he rite tonu ki te tuaka, engari ka rerekē pea te ahunga ina he kukū ahotea kei roto i te wāhanga, ina he hapa hanganga ā-roto rānei.
I muri i te tineia katoatia o te mea mahi, ka puta pea ngā kapiti roa. E pā ana tēnei ki te nui o te ahotea kume i runga i te mata o te mea mahi kua tineia. I te pikinga ake o te ihirangi waro o te maitai, ka piki ake te āhua ki te hanga kapiti roa. He iti te rahinga martensite motuhake o te maitai waro iti, ā, he kaha te ahotea wera. He nui te ahotea pēhi toenga i runga i te mata, nō reira kāore e ngāwari te tineia. I te pikinga ake o te ihirangi waro, ka heke te ahotea pēhi mata, ā, ka piki ake te ahotea hanganga. I taua wā anō, ka neke te ahotea kume tihi ki te paparanga mata. Nō reira, ka ngāwari te maitai waro teitei ki te pakaru roa ina wera rawa.
Ka pā tika te rahi o ngā wāhanga ki te rahi me te tohatoha o te ahotea toenga, ā, he rerekē anō hoki tōna āhua pakaru tinei. Ka ngāwari hoki te hanga i ngā kapiti roa mā te tinei i roto i te awhe rahi whakawhiti-wāhanga morearea. Hei tāpiri, ko te aukati i ngā rauemi mata maitai he maha ngā wā ka puta ai ngā kapiti roa. Nā te mea he maha ngā wāhanga maitai e hangaia ana mā te hurihuri, ka tohatohahia ngā whakaurunga kore-koura, ngā warowaihā, me ētahi atu i roto i te maitai i te ahunga whakarerekētanga, ka meinga te maitai kia kore e taea te huri. Hei tauira, ki te mea he hanganga rite ki te whitiki te maitai taputapu, ko tōna kaha whati whakawhiti i muri i te tinei he 30% ki te 50% te iti iho i te kaha whati roa. Mena he āhuatanga pēnei i ngā whakaurunga kore-koura i roto i te maitai e hua ai te kukū ahotea, ahakoa he nui ake te ahotea tāwhiti i te ahotea tuaka, ka ngāwari te hanga i ngā kapiti roa i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea iti. Nā tēnei take, ko te whakahaere pakari i te taumata o ngā whakaurunga kore-konganuku me te huka i roto i te maitai he mea nui hei ārai i ngā kapiti tinei.
Ko ngā āhuatanga tohatoha ahotea ā-roto o ngā kapiti whakawhiti me ngā kapiti pewa koia ēnei: ka pāngia te mata e te ahotea pēhanga. I muri i te wehenga atu i te mata mō tētahi tawhiti, ka huri te ahotea pēhanga ki te ahotea kume nui. Ka puta te kapiti i te rohe o te ahotea kume, ā, ina horapa te ahotea ā-roto ki te mata o te wāhanga mēnā ka tohatohahia anō, ka piki ake rānei te pakarukaru o te maitai.
He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā kapiti whakawhiti i ngā wāhanga rakau nui, pērā i ngā roera, ngā rotor turbine, me ētahi atu wāhanga rakau. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā kapiti he poutū ki te ahunga o te tuaka, ā, ka pakaru mai i roto ki waho. He maha ngā wā ka hangaia i mua i te whakapakeketanga, ā, nā te ahotea wera i puta ai. He maha ngā wā ka puta he hapa whakarewa i ngā mea hanga nui pērā i ngā pūwero, ngā whakaurunga, ngā kapiti hanga me ngā ira mā. Ko ēnei hapa te tīmatanga o te pakaru me te pakaru i raro i te mahi a te ahotea kume tuaka. Ko ngā kapiti pewa ka puta mai i te ahotea wera, ā, he maha ngā wā ka horapa i roto i te āhua pewa i ngā wāhanga e rerekē ana te āhua o te wāhanga. Ko te nuinga ka puta i roto i te mea mahi, i te taha rānei o ngā taha koi, ngā awaawa me ngā kōhao, ā, ka horapa i roto i te āhua pewa. Ina kore e tineia ngā wāhanga maitai waro-nui me te diameter, te matotoru rānei o te 80 ki te 100 mm, neke atu rānei, ka whakaatu te mata i te ahotea pēhi, ā, ka whakaatu te pokapū i te ahotea kume. Ko te ahotea kume mōrahi ka puta i te rohe whakawhiti mai i te paparanga whakapakeke ki te paparanga kāore i whakapakeketia, ā, ka puta ngā kapiti pewa i ēnei wāhi. Hei tāpiritanga, he tere te tere whakamatao i ngā taha me ngā kokonga koi, ā, ka tineia katoatia. Ina nekehia ki ngā wāhanga ngawari, arā, ki te wāhi kāore i whakapakeketia, ka puta te rohe ahotea kume mōrahi ki konei, nō reira ka ngāwari te puta o ngā pakaru pewa. He puhoi te tere whakamatao e tata ana ki te kōhao titi, te awaawa, te kōhao pokapū rānei o te mea mahi, he angiangi te paparanga whakapakeke e rite ana, ā, ka ngāwari te pakaru pewa e te ahotea kume e tata ana ki te rohe whakawhiti whakapakeketia.
Ko ngā kapiti reticular, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kapiti mata, he kapiti mata. He papaku te hohonutanga o te kapiti, tata ki te 0.01~1.5mm. Ko te āhuatanga matua o tēnei momo kapiti ko te ahunga matapōkere o te kapiti kāore he pānga ki te āhua o te wāhanga. He maha ngā kapiti e hono ana tetahi ki tetahi hei hanga i tētahi whatunga, ā, he whānui te horapa. Ina nui ake te hohonutanga o te kapiti, pērā i te neke atu i te 1 mm, ka ngaro ngā āhuatanga whatunga ka huri hei kapiti matapōkere, hei kapiti horapa roa rānei. E pā ana ngā kapiti whatunga ki te āhua o te ahotea kume rua-ahu i runga i te mata.
Ko ngā wāhanga waro nui, maitai rānei kua whakakākarukaruhia, he paparanga tango-kākaru kei runga i te mata, ka ngāwari ki te hanga kapiti whatunga i te wā e tinei ana. Nā te mea he iti ake te ihirangi waro o te paparanga mata, ā, he iti ake te rōrahi motuhake i te paparanga o roto o te martensite. I te wā e tinei ana, ka pāngia te paparanga mata o te kākarukaru e te ahotea kume. Ko ngā wāhanga kāore anō kia tangohia katoatia te paparanga tango-whakapūhau i te wā e tukatukahia ana e te mīhini, ka hanga hoki i ngā kapiti whatunga i te wā e tinei ana i te mata auau teitei, i te mata mura rānei. Hei karo i ēnei kapiti, me tino whakahaere te kounga o te mata o ngā wāhanga, ā, me ārai i te whakarewa waikura i te wā e whakamahanatia ana. Hei tāpiri, i muri i te whakamahinga o te mate hanga mō tētahi wā, ko ngā kapiti ngenge wera e puta ana i roto i ngā rīpene, i ngā whatunga rānei i roto i te kōhao me ngā kapiti i roto i te tukanga huri o ngā wāhanga kua tineihia, nō tēnei momo katoa.
Ka puta ngā kapiti tihore i roto i tētahi wāhi tino whaiti o te paparanga mata. Ka mahi te ahotea pēhi i ngā ahunga tuaka me te taha, ā, ka puta te ahotea kume i te ahunga radial. Ka whakarara ngā kapiti ki te mata o te wāhanga. Ko te tihore o te paparanga whakapakeke i muri i te whakamatao o ngā wāhanga tinei mata me te whakakākahu i te kāpura, nō roto i ēnei kapiti. E pā ana tōna putanga ki te hanganga kore taurite o te paparanga whakapakeke. Hei tauira, i muri i te whakamatao o te maitai whakakākahu koranu i tētahi tere, ko te hanganga o te paparanga whakakākahu ko: te paparanga o waho he pearlite tino pai + kāpura, ā, ko te paparanga iti he martensite + Austenite toenga, ko te paparanga o roto he pearlite pai, he hanganga pearlite tino pai rānei. Nā te mea ko te rōrahi hanganga motuhake o te paparanga iti martensite te mea nui rawa atu, ko te hua o te whānui o te rōrahi ko te ahotea pēhi e mahi ana ki te paparanga mata i ngā ahunga tuaka me te taha, ā, ka puta te ahotea kume i te ahunga radial, ā, ka puta he whakarerekētanga ahotea ki roto, ka huri ki te āhua ahotea pēhi, ā, ka puta ngā kapiti tihore i roto i ngā wāhi tino angiangi e tere haere ana te nekehanga ahotea. I te nuinga o te wā, ka noho puku ngā kapiti i roto i te mata, ā, i ngā wā tino kino ka puta te kiri o te mata. Mēnā ka tere ake, ka whakaitihia rānei te tere whakamatao o ngā wāhanga kua whakakākahuria, ka taea te whiwhi i tētahi hanganga martensite ōrite, i tētahi hanganga pearlite tino pai rānei i roto i te paparanga kua whakakākahuria, ka taea ai te ārai i te putanga mai o aua kapiti. Hei tāpiri, i te wā e tinei ana te mata i te auau teitei, i te mura rānei, ka wera rawa te mata, ā, nā te kore ōrite o te hanganga i te paparanga whakapakeke ka ngāwari te hanga i aua kapiti mata.
He rerekē ngā kapiti moroiti i ngā kapiti e whā kua whakahuatia ake nei, nā te mea i puta mai i te ahotea moroiti. Ko ngā kapiti waenga-pūmua e puta mai ana i muri i te tineitanga, te wera rawa me te huri i te maitai taputapu waro-nui, i ngā mea mahi waro-pūmua rānei, tae atu ki ngā kapiti i puta mai i te kore e whakamahanatia i ngā wāhanga kua tineitia i te wā tika, e pā ana katoa ki te noho me te whānui haere o ngā kapiti moroiti i roto i te maitai.
Me tirotirohia ngā pakaru iti i raro i te karu hiko. I te nuinga o te wā ka puta i ngā rohe o te kōhao austenite taketake, i te hononga rānei o ngā rau martensite. Ka uru ētahi pakaru ki roto i ngā rau martensite. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he nui ake te kitea o ngā pakaru iti i roto i te martensite takirua pakarukaru. Ko te take he tukinga te martensite pakarukaru ki a rātou anō ina tipu tere ana, ā, ka puta he ahotea nui. Heoi, he pakarukaru te martensite takirua, ā, kāore e taea te whakaputa. Ka whakangāwari te āhua kirihou i te ahotea, ā, ka ngāwari te puta o ngā pakaru iti. He taratara ngā kōhao austenite, ā, ka piki ake te ngāwari ki ngā pakaru iti. Ko te noho mai o ngā pakaru iti i roto i te maitai ka tino whakaiti i te kaha me te kirihou o ngā wāhanga kua tineia, ka arahi ki te pakaru wawe (pakaru) o ngā wāhanga.
Hei karo i ngā pakaru moroiti i roto i ngā wāhanga maitai waro-nui, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakaiti i te pāmahana whakamahana tinei, te whiwhi hanganga martensite pai, me te whakaiti i te ihirangi waro i roto i te martensite. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamahana i te wā tika i muri i te tinei he tikanga whai hua hei whakaiti i te ahotea o roto. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā whakamātautau i muri i te whakamahana i runga ake i te 200°C, ka whai hua ngā waroiti i whakatōngia ki ngā pakaru ki te "whakapiripiri" i ngā pakaru, ka taea ai te whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga o ngā pakaru moroiti.
Ko te kōrero i runga ake nei he kōrero mō ngā take me ngā tikanga ārai i ngā pakaru i runga i te tauira tohatoha pakaru. I roto i te hanga tuturu, ka rerekē te tohatoha o ngā pakaru nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kounga o te maitai, te āhua o te wāhanga, me te hangarau tukatuka wera me te makariri. I ētahi wā kua puta kē ngā pakaru i mua i te maimoatanga wera, ā, ka whānui haere i te wā e tinei ana; i ētahi wā ka puta mai ētahi momo pakaru i te wāhanga kotahi i te wā kotahi. I tēnei take, i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhua o te pakaru, te tātaritanga whānui o te mata pakaru, te tirotiro i te metara, ā, mēnā e tika ana, me whakamahi te tātaritanga matū me ētahi atu tikanga hei whakahaere i tētahi tātaritanga whānui mai i te kounga o te rauemi, te hanganga whakahaere ki ngā take o te ahotea maimoatanga wera kia kitea ai te pakaru. Ngā take matua, kātahi ka whakatau i ngā mahi ārai whai hua.
He tikanga nui te tātari whati o ngā kapiti hei tātari i ngā pūtake o ngā kapiti. He tīmatanga tō ia whati mō ngā kapiti. Ko te tinei i ngā kapiti ka tīmata mai i te pūwāhi huihuinga o ngā kapiti radial.
Mena kei te mata o te wāhanga te pūtake o te ngatata, ko te tikanga he nui rawa te ahotea kume i runga i te mata i puta ai te ngatata. Mena kāore he hapa hanganga pēnei i ngā whakaurunga ki runga i te mata, engari he āhuatanga kukū ahotea pēnei i ngā tohu maripi nui, te unahi waikura, ngā kokonga koi o ngā wāhanga maitai, ngā wāhanga whakarerekētanga hanganga rānei, ka puta pea ngā ngatata.
Mena kei roto i te wāhanga te pūtake o te kapiti, he mea e pā ana ki ngā hapa rauemi, ki te nui rawa rānei o te ahotea kume ā-roto. He hina, he porcelain pai te mata whati o te tinei noa. Mena he hina pouri, he taratara te mata whati, he mea nā te wera nui, nā te matotoru rānei o te kiko taketake.
I te nuinga o te wā, kaua he tae waikura i te wāhanga karāhe o te kapiti tinei, ā, kaua hoki he tangohanga waro huri noa i te kapiti. Mena he tangohanga waro huri noa i te kapiti, he tae waikura rānei i te wāhanga kapiti, he tohu tēnei kua pakaru kē te wāhanga i mua i te tineitanga, ā, ka whānui haere ngā kapiti taketake i raro i te mana o te ahotea maimoatanga wera. Mena ka kitea ngā waro me ngā whakaurunga kua wehea i te taha o ngā kapiti o te wāhanga, ko te tikanga he hononga ngā kapiti ki te wehenga nui o ngā waro i roto i te rauemi mata, ki te aroaro rānei o ngā whakaurunga. Mena ka puta noa ngā kapiti i ngā kokonga koi, i ngā wāhanga whakarerekētanga āhua rānei o te wāhanga me te kore e kitea te āhuatanga o runga ake nei, ko te tikanga nā te hoahoa hanganga koretake o te wāhanga, ngā mahi hē rānei hei ārai i ngā kapiti, te ahotea maimoatanga wera nui rawa rānei i puta ai te kapiti.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā kapiti i roto i ngā wāhanga maimoatanga wera matū me te tinei mata ka puta tata ki te paparanga kua whakapakeketia. Ko te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te paparanga kua whakapakeketia me te whakaiti i te ahotea maimoatanga wera he huarahi nui hei karo i ngā kapiti mata.
Wā tuku: Mei-22-2024